What's in your Drinking Water & My Top Filter Picks
UPDATED 10/2026
So many cities and town across the US promise their citizens that their drinking water is safe to drink.....but is tap water really safe?
Test after test across the nation have found that NO drinking water in the US is not safe to drink. What is in our water?
Let’s discuss:
PFAS
- Almost all water systems in the US have PFAS chemicals, so much so that the US EPA has set legal drinking water limits for six of the most studied and toxic PFAS compounds. While this is new and great news, it does not mean that our water will be PFAS free any time soon. Utilities have 2 years to test water, and then if the levels of PFAS are above those set by the EPA they have another year or so to install filtrate systems. Beyond that, the EPA is only setting limits for 6 out of over 15,000 PFAS chemicals. It is possible that filtration systems will filter ALL PFAS but right now it is too soon to tell.
- PFAS are a group of almost 5K chemicals some of which have strong links to learning delays in children, cancer, and other health problems.
- Probable source: PFAS seep into water from factories, landfills, and other sources. PFAS are called ‘forever chemicals’ because they don’t degrade(break down) easily at all… neither in the environment nor in our bodies.
Arsenic
-Almost every sample tested a few years ago by Consumer Report and The Guardian nationwide had measurable levels of arsenic,8 % of samples had levels of arsenic above CR’s recommended maximum for drinking water
- Arsenic is a heavy metal & known neurotoxin linked to cancer & lowered iq in children even at low dosis
- Drinking water with low concentrations of arsenic over a long period of time is associated with increased risks of diabetes and cancers of the bladder, lungs, liver, and other organs.
- Source: natural deposits or industrial/agricultural pollution.
LEAD
- Almost every sample tested by Consumer Reports and The Guardian had measurable (albeit low) amounts of lead
- According to another study by Healthy Babies Bright Futures, 40 % of homes have water with lead above the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommended limit for children.
- There are no safe levels of Lead; a neurotoxin that permanently reduces children’s learning ability & is linked to behavioral problems.
-A Challenge with lead is that the source is often lead pipes that feed people’s homes or in the home’s plumbing itself... so the lead exposure might not be coming from the water utility.
Adding to the problem?
- Some scientist believe that some of the EPA allowable levels of certain chemicals in water are too high (ie: arsenic and lead)
- For PFAS, there are close to 15,000 different types of known PFAS. Many can’t even be tested for yet.
For lead, water utilities only test every 3-9 years.
Beyond these contaminants there are other worrisome contaminate often found in water
trihalomethanes (TMHs). Chlorine by product, THMs have been linked to increased risk of cancer and kidney problems.
Haloacetic acids (HAAs), another group of byproducts, can irritate the skin and increase the risk of cancer.
nitrate can be found in groundwater sources. The chemical usually enters our water supply through fertilizers or septic systems. While adults are usually spared from the poisonous effects of nitrate, the chemical can be dangerous for infants who drink more water relative to their body weight.Short-term exposure to nitrate can significantly reduce the level of oxygen in the infant’s blood, and often leads to methemoglobinemia, or “blue baby disease.”
uranium, radium, thorium, and radon, are also found in nature.Radioactive substances can seep into groundwater sources through practices such as construction, coal mining, and oil and gas production. Exposure to radium is linked to bone cancer, while other radioactive materials can lead to cancers of the skin, lungs, kidneys, liver, thyroid, and stomach.
Fluoride: According to a 2012 study from Harvard University, children living in areas with excessive levels of fluoride in their drinking water had significantly lower IQ scores than children in areas with low levels of fluoride.
Perchlorate is a chemical used to make missiles, fireworks, and rocket fuels. The EPA has identified 45 states that are exposed to this chemical in drinking water, which puts roughly 16 million US citizens at risk of consuming the chemical. Perchlorate is especially toxic for children and pregnant women since it has been linked to brain development issues.
coliform bacteria. The presence of this type of bacteria can indicate that there may be other harmful pathogens in the water.
These are just of many more….. additionally, 2 or more contaminants may be present in a water source, presenting the possibility of synergistic effects too. Finally both well water and water that comes from utilities can be contaminated.
Who is (most) at risk of drinking water with these chemicals?
Everyone, but especially developing fetus's (when pregnant women drink water) & Formula-fed infants due to outsized exposures at a time of heightened vulnerability
Bottom line: for now, at least, the burden of monitoring toxins in water falls on us the consumer.
I , admittedly, only tested my water when I moved into my home. However, it is recommended to test:
- you are planning on getting pregnant or are newly pregnant
- there is road or pipe work on your block: this can cause lead to dislodge from pipes and valves
- during summer since heat can pull more lead from pipes
4. Buying a drinking water filter.
Choosing a water filter can feel overwhelming. Every brand promises to remove “hundreds” of contaminants, and throw claims around left and right. After days of digging through certification databases, lab reports, and more, I learned the most important question isn’t what a filter claims to remove, it’s what it’s certified to remove. I think about it as certifications being what independently vouches that a filter actually does what the manufacturer says it does, vs just taking the manufacturer’s word for it.The good news: a great filter doesn’t have to cost a fortune. There are excellent certified options at nearly every price point. My focus here was PFAS, along with overall contaminant reduction.
1. Why a water filter is worth having
At this point, I believe every home can benefit from a good drinking water filter. EWG’s analysis of water data from nearly 50,000 water systems identified 324 contaminants across the country, and almost every community water system had at least one detectable contaminant. PFAS are among the most widespread. According to EWG’s analysis of the latest EPA testing, about 176 million Americans drink tap water from systems contaminated with PFAS, and contamination has been found at 9,728 sites across all 50 states. PFAS are just one piece of the picture; federal protections may also be weakening. In May 2026, under the Trump administration, EPA proposed rescinding drinking water limits for 4 PFAS chemicals and giving water utilities until 2031, two extra years, to meet limits for PFOA and PFOS. With federal safeguards in flux, filtering your own water is one of the most reliable ways to protect your household. The empowering part is that this is one of the easiest exposures to reduce: a certified filter can meaningfully cut PFAS and many other contaminants at home. If you don’t have a filter for your drinking water yet, now is a great time to get one.
Curious what’s in your water? EWG’s Tap Water Database lets you search your ZIP code for the latest data on PFAS and other contaminants in your local water. TapScore (AIDASPICKS for $10 off) lets you test your water at home and send it in to their laboratory , giving you results within a week or two
2. Certified vs. lab tested: why it matters
Many companies boast about their lab tests that they claim show removal of contaminants. The problem is that, unless these tests are part of a broader certification process, you don’t have a way of confirming their accuracy throughout the lifespan of the filter (for example: what was in the water in the first place? Maybe there was no arsenic to start with , so it doesn’t mean the filter removed the arsenic…..)
Lab tested means:
• The company chooses the lab, picks the sample, and decides which results to publish.
• It’s usually a one-time test.
• If the water didn’t contain a contaminant to begin with, a “non-detect” result after filtering doesn’t prove much. This is common with PFAS.
Certified means:
• An independent organization (NSF, IAPMO, or WQA) sets the rules and runs the testing.
• The filter is tested over its full lifespan, not just when it’s new.
• The factory is inspected to confirm the product being sold matches the one tested.
• The filter is retested periodically, and it can lose certification if it stops passing.
• A public listing lets anyone verify the claims.
Lab testing is still valuable, especially when it’s done by a reputable lab, but certification is far stronger proof. Unfortunately, many companies don’t have certifications to back up all their claims.
A note on AquaTru: Due to recent allegations involving AquaTru’s owner, I’ve decided not to include their filters on this list. It’s a hard call, because their filters hold some of the most rigorous third-party certifications on the market. But until those allegations are resolved, I no longer recommend them.
Below are the filters I’ve researched and approve of.
If I had to rank all of these from best to less (by the way none are BAD they are all good- just some are better- or at least have certifications that vouch for what they say they do!! There were about 5 others I looked into that did not even make the cut. ) ONLY in terms of total contaminant reduction and PFAS reduction, it is no surprise that, for the most part , RO filters come out on the very top (the technology is just the best) but what IS surprising is that a PITCHER actually would come out in the top 5!
Also, certifications here are weighing heavily on these rankings: while we know that RO tends to be great at filtering- I am giving more weight to the filters that actually have independent certification because of the reasons mentioned above at the start of this post….. Even if an influencer says they lab tested x filter it is not the same as a proper certification
(if you prefer to shop on Amazon, some of the filters are available there too. Click here to see which ones
1. GE 5-Stage Premium RO (under-sink RO): about $249–260
2. Aquasana SmartFlow RO (under-sink RO): about $399.99 without a faucet
3. Waterdrop G3 P800 (under-sink RO): about $539–999, depending on the retailer
4. Aquasana Claryum 3-Stage (under-sink 3 stage): about $170–260
5. Culligan ZeroWater pitcher (available in 40 cup glass dispenser and plastic: 32 cup dispenser, 12 cup pitcher, 10 cup pitcher and 7 cup pitcher: from $24.99
6. Culligan MaxClear (countertop gravity): from $229.99
7. Rorra (countertop gravity): $399 with a filter subscription. *note: they are working on certifications. Once those are official I will see what they are certified for and this ranking might go up)
8. Clearly Filtered under-sink: about $495–550
9. Cloud RO (under-sink): about $599
10. Dreo RO (countertop): From $153
11. Clearly Filtered pitcher: about $90
12. Pure Effect ULTRA-UC-DISINFECT (under-sink): $725, plus $475 for the UV option
If you subscribe to my Substack I have a deeper dive comparing the pros and the cons of the filters above… but, In general terms, the main takeaways from this deep dive for me were:
1. You don’t have to spend a lot for a great filter. Two of the top five are among the most affordable options on the list. The Aquasana Claryum (#4) costs about $170–$260 and is certified for 78 contaminants, including PFAS. The Culligan ZeroWater pitcher (#5) starts at about $25 and is certified for the full range of PFAS. Meanwhile, some of the priciest filters, like Pure Effect at $725 or more, rank near the bottom.
2. Certification matters more than marketing. Certified filters have been independently verified, and certifiers keep checking them over time. Many popular brands rely on their own lab reports instead. Look for a certification from NSF, IAPMO, or WQA, and be cautious of phrases like “tested to” or “meets standards.” That likely means the company has paid a lab to test their filter once
3. RO is the most thorough option, but it isn’t the only good one. Reverse osmosis systems hold the top three spots because they cover the widest range of contaminants, including fluoride. But today’s certified carbon filters, pitchers, and gravity filters also reduce PFAS well, and they’re often cheaper and easier to use.
4. Maintenance is part of the deal. Even the best filter stops working if you don’t change it on time. Before you buy, factor in replacement filter costs and how often you’ll need them. Some, like ZeroWater and Rorra, need frequent changes that add up.
5. When researching a water filtration system, the single most useful question to ask is:
“Can you send me the certification listing and the Performance Data Sheet for this exact model, showing which contaminants are certified and by which certifier?”
Lab reports are great to have but not the same as certifications
SOURCES
https://www.consumerreports.org/water-quality/how-to-test-and-treat-your-drinking-water-a2425824120/
https://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/pfas_contamination/
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-069X-12-35
https://hbbf.org/lead-drinking-water